初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)大全

　　英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（一）

　�。ㄒ唬� 形容詞和副詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　A． 形容詞

　　1、 形容詞的用法

　　形容詞是用來(lái)修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語(yǔ)。如：

　　He is honest and hardworking.

　　I found the book interesting.

　　某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.

　　The English like to be with their families.

　　多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的順序：

　　冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞。如：

　　the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.

　　2、 形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式

　�。�1） 規(guī)則形式

　　一般說(shuō)來(lái)，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; --est 來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和更高級(jí)；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如：

　　great-greater-greatest

　　busy-busier-busiest

　　important-more important-(the)most important

　�。�2） 不規(guī)則形式

　　good (well)-better-best

　　bad (ill)-worse-worst

　　many (much)-more-most

　　little-less-least

　　（3） 形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法

　�、俦硎緝烧叩谋容^，用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than. 如：

　　He is cleverer than the other boys.

　　This one is more beautiful than that one.

　�、诒硎緝烧咭陨系谋容^，用"the +形容詞更高級(jí)（+名詞）+of(in) …"如：

　　He is the cleverest boy in his class.

　�、郾硎緝烧呤峭�等程度，用"as +形容詞原級(jí)+as". 如：

　　He is as tall as I.

　　I have as many books as you.

　�、� 越… 越…

　　例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.

　�、� You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

　　又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.

　　你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過(guò)分。

　　⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.

　　那一天是較令我擔(dān)心的一天。

　　I have never had a better dinner.

　　這是我吃過(guò)的較好的一頓飯。

　　⑦ My English is no better than yours.

　　我的英語(yǔ)和你的英語(yǔ)都不怎么樣。

　　B．副詞

　　1、 副詞的種類

　�。�1） 時(shí)間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

　�。�2） 地點(diǎn)副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。

　�。�3） 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。

　�。�4） 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。

　　2、 副詞比較等級(jí)的用法

　　其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞更高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如：

　　Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.

　　We must work harder.

　　3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別

　　（1） already, yet, still

　　already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句；still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如：

　　We've already watched that film.

　　I haven't finished my homework yet.

　　He still works until late every night.

　　（2） too, as well, also, either

　　too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，too和as well多用于口語(yǔ)，一般放在句末，而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句，往往放在句末。如：

　　He went there too.

　　He didn't go there either.

　　I like you as well.

　　I also went there.

　　(3) hard, hardly

　　hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：

　　I work hard every day.

　　I can hardly remember that.

　　(4) late, lately

　　lately意為"較近、近來(lái)"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：

　　He never comes late.

　　Have you been to the museum lately?

　　II． 例題

　　例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____

　　A high enough B tall enough

　　C enough high C enough tall

　　解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。

　　例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.

　　A When I take more medicine

　　B The more medicine I take

　　C Taking more of the medicine

　　D More medicine taken

　　解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+… , the +形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。

　　例3"I haven't been to London yet".

　　"I haven't been there ____".

　　A too B also C either D neither

　　解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。

　　例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.

　　A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply

　　解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B(niǎo)-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。

　�。ǘ�） 介詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　1、介詞和種類

　�。�1） 簡(jiǎn)單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

　�。�2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

　　2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系

　�。�1） 和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。

　�。�2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at

　�。�3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

　　3、介詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的修飾語(yǔ)，這種修飾語(yǔ)通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：

　　He came right after dinner.

　　He lives directly opposite the school.

　　4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例

　�。�1） at, on, in（表時(shí)間）

　　表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

　　指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。

　　指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。

　�。�2） between, among（表位置）

　　between僅用于二者之間，但說(shuō)三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚�(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between, 如

　　I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

　　The village lies between three hills.

　　among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：

　　He is the best among the students.

　�。�3） beside, besides

　　beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：

　　He sat beside me.

　　What do you want besides this?

　�。�4）in the tree, on the tree

　　in the tree 指動(dòng)物或人在樹(shù)上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹(shù)葉長(zhǎng)在樹(shù)上

　　（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

　　on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道

　　by the way 指順便問(wèn)一句 in this way 用這樣的方法

　�。�6）in the corner, at the corner

　　in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外

　　（7）in the morning, on the morning

　　in the morning 是一般說(shuō)法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

　�。�8）by bus, on the bus

　　by bus 是一般說(shuō)法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車

　　II． 例題

　　例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?

　　A except B but C beside D besides

　　解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語(yǔ)外，你還知道別的語(yǔ)言嗎？

　　例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

　　A on B at C in D during

　　解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語(yǔ)，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來(lái)修飾，故該題正確答案為A。

　　例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.

　　A to B in C at D on

　　解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。

　　（三） 連詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　1、 連詞的種類

　　（1） 并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

　�。�2） 從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。

　　除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句）外，還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句）。

　　2、 常用連詞舉例

　　(1)and 和，并且

　　They drank and sang all night.

　　(2) both…and 和， 既…也…

　　Both my parents and I went there.

　　(3) but 但是，而

　　I'm sad, but he is happy.

　　(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…

　　Either you're wrong, or I am.

　　(5) for因?yàn)?br />
　　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

　　(6) however 然而，可是

　　Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

　　(7) neither…nor 既不…也不

　　Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

　　(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…

　　He not only sings well, but also dances well.

　　(9) or 或者，否則

　　Hurry up, or you'll be late.

　　Are you a worker or a doctor?

　　(10) so 因此，所以

　　It's getting late, so I must go.

　　(11) although 雖然

　　Although it was late, they went on working.

　　(12) as soon as 一 …就

　　I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

　　(13) because 因?yàn)?br />
　　He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

　�。�14）unless 除非，如果不

　　I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

　�。�15）until 直到…

　　He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not… until 結(jié)構(gòu))

　　He stayed there until eleven.

　　（16）while 當(dāng)…時(shí)候，而 (表示對(duì)比)

　　While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)

　　My pen is red while his is blue.

　�。�17）for 因?yàn)?br />
　　He was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的)

　　（18）since自從…

　　I have lived here since my uncle left.

　�。�19）hardly… when 一…就

　　I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

　　（20）as far as 就… 來(lái)說(shuō)

　　As far as I know, that country is very small.

　　You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

　　II． 例題

　　例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

　　A as well B as well as C so well D so well as

　　解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。

　　例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

　　A when B where C which D while

　　解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。

　　例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

　　A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

　　解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。

　　英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（二）

　�。ㄋ模﹦�(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　�。�1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

　�。�2） 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：

　　The earth goes round the sun.

　　2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　(1) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now, at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　What are you doing now?

　　(2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如：

　　He is always doing good deeds.

　　3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:

　　Have you ever been to Beijing?

　　4、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

　　表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：

　　I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

　　We're going to see a film next Monday.

　　5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：

　　It happened many years ago.

　　6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：

　　What were you doing this time yesterday?

　　7、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如：

　　The train had already left before we arrived.

　�。�、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

　　表示說(shuō)話人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：

　　He said he would come, but he didn't.

　　９、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以give為例。

　　II．例題

　　例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

　　A had died B died C dead D is dead

　　解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 1950, 所以不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。

　　例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

　　A is looked B has looked for

　　C is being looked for D has been looked

　　解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，而不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。

　�。ㄎ澹﹦�(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。

　�。薄� 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成

　　情景

　　條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反

　　動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 （be要用were）

　　should

　　+動(dòng)詞原形

　　would

　　與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反

　　had +過(guò)去分詞

　　should

　　+have+過(guò)去分詞

　　would

　　與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反

　　１、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)

　　２、should +動(dòng)詞原形

　　３、were to +動(dòng)詞原形

　　should

　�。珓�(dòng)詞原形

　　would

　　注：如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如：

　　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

　�。�、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用

　�。ǎ保� 在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) ＋動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。

　　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…

　　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

　　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

　　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.

　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

　�。ǎ玻� 在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

　　I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

　�。ǎ常� 在表語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

　　His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

　�。ǎ矗� 在同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

　　We received order that the work be done at once.

　�。ǎ担� 在It is time that…句型中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或

　　"should ＋動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如：

　　It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

　　II． 例題

　　例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer.

　　A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay

　　解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　例２ "Mary wants to see you today".

　　"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."

　　A comes B came C should come D will come

　　解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示。

　　例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better.

　　A had done B might have done

　　C might do D would do

　　解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為Ｂ。

　�。�六）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：

　　（１） 動(dòng)詞＋介詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如：

　　Don't laugh at others.

　　I didn't care about it.

　�。ǎ玻� 動(dòng)詞＋副詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：

　　You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

　　Please don't forget to hand it in.

　�。ǎ常� 動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如：

　　All his money added up to no more than $100.

　　After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

　�。ǎ矗� 動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如：

　　You should pay attention to your handwriting.

　　We should make full use of our time.

　　（５） 動(dòng)詞＋形容詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：

　　The prisoners were set free.

　　He cut it open.

　�。ǎ叮� 動(dòng)詞＋名詞

　　常見(jiàn)的有take place, make friends等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：

　　This story took place three years ago.

　　I make friends with a lot of people.

　　（7）辨析

　　give away(讓給，暴露)和 give up（放棄，停止）

　　put away（放起，收起）和 put out （撲滅）

　　turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打開(kāi)）

　　keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不讓靠近）

　　make up（編造，補(bǔ)上）和 make out（辨認(rèn)）

　　take off（脫，起飛）和 take out（拿出）

　　II． 例題

　　例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

　　A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

　　解析：該題正確答案為Ａ。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。

　　例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

　　A touch B relation C connection D friendship

　　解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。

　　例３ ____! There's a train coming.

　　A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

　　解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。

　�。ㄆ撸﹦�(dòng)詞不定式

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　１、 不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。

　�。�、 不定式的句法功能

　�。ǎ保� 作主語(yǔ)

　　To hear from you is nice.

　　To be a good teacher is not easy.

　　不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如：

　　It's nice to hear from you.

　　It's not easy to be a good teacher.

　�。ǎ玻� 作賓語(yǔ)

　　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：

　　I forgot to lock the door.

　　Please remember to write to me.

　�。ǎ常� 作表語(yǔ)

　　My job is to pick up letters.

　　He seemed to have heard nothing.

　�。ǎ矗� 作定語(yǔ)

　　不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：

　　I have two letters to write.

　　I have a lot of work to do.

　�。ǎ担� 作賓補(bǔ)

　　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如：

　　He ordered her to leave at once.

　　He was forced to obey his order.

　�。ǎ叮� 作狀語(yǔ)

　　He got up early to catch the first bus.

　　He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

　�。ǎ罚� 作獨(dú)立成分

　　To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

　　（８） "疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：

　　I don't know how to choose them.

　　I cannot decide where to go.

　�。�9）不定式的否定式。如：

　　I decided not to go.

　�。�10）不定式的完成式。如：

　　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

　　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

　　（11）too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　He was too excited to go to sleep.

　　He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂(lè)意去)

　�。�12）主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：

　　The book is easy to read.

　　I have a book to read.

　　II．例題

　　例１ I haven't got a chair ____.

　　A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting

　　解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞chair. 因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退�所修飾的名詞間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處on不能省略。

　　例2 He was made ____.

　　A go B gone C going D to go

　　解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。

　　例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.

　　A to be built B built

　　C to build D to building

　　解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。

　�。ò耍﹦�(dòng)名詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。

　　１、 動(dòng)名詞的形式，以write為例。

　　否定式 not +動(dòng)名詞

　�。病� 動(dòng)名詞的用法

　�。ǎ保� 作主語(yǔ)

　　Playing football is my favorite sport.

　　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

　　作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長(zhǎng)時(shí)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如：

　　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.

　�。ǎ玻� 作賓語(yǔ)

　　I enjoy playing PC game.

　　He gave up writing five years ago.

　　（３） 作表語(yǔ)

　　What he hated most was doing nothing.

　　Seeing is believing.

　　動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)常是無(wú)生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

　�。ǎ矗� 作定語(yǔ)

　　There's a dining room in my school.

　　All the people watching laughed.

　　（５） 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動(dòng)名詞"。如：

　　Tom's going home late made her mother angry.

　　Would you mind my opening the window?

　　不過(guò)，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)在遇到以下情況時(shí)，必須用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格）。

　�、贌o(wú)生命名詞

　　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.

　　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.

　�、谟猩�命名詞，但表泛指。

　　Have you ever heard of girls smoking?

　　③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。

　　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

　　3．后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)

　　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,

　　keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,

　　be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,

　　can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,

　　look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,

　　devote to doing, lead to doing

　　II．例題

　　例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.

　　A going B to go C for going D went

　　解析：該題正確答案為A。 feel like = want, 此處like 為介詞，后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

　　例２ The garden needs ____.

　　A water B watering C to water D watered

　　解析：該題正確答案為B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語(yǔ)，此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或to be done這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。

　　例３ Excuse me ____ you.

　　A interrupting B to interrupt

　　C interrupted D to have interrupted

　　解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse 后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)（常用于口語(yǔ)中）。

　　（九）分詞

　　I． 要點(diǎn)

　　分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩類�，F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過(guò)去分詞則只有一般式�，F(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，表主動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表被動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表主動(dòng)。

　　過(guò)去分詞的句法功能：

　　１、 作定語(yǔ)

　　I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

　　The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.

　　２、 作表語(yǔ)

　　When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.

　　I'm interested in this book.

　�。�、 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　I'm going to have my bike repaired.

　　When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.

　　4、作狀語(yǔ)

　　Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

　　The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。

　　1、作狀語(yǔ)

　　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.

　　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

　　2、作賓語(yǔ)

　　I hate being spoken ill of.

　　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

　　3、作表語(yǔ)

　　Seeing is believing.

　　The book is interesting.

　　4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　I noticed him crossing the street.

　　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.

　　5、作定語(yǔ)

　　Do you know the man writing a letter?

　　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　　分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

　　1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式

　　Having cleaned the room, I went out.

　　2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式

　　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

　　3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的不同

　　現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成

　　I found the man killed there.

　　I found the man standing there.

　　4、have結(jié)構(gòu)

　　We have the car repaired.

　　We have repaired the car.

　　We have Tom repair the car.

　　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

　　5、分詞作表語(yǔ)

　　We were excited at the news.

　　The football game is exciting.

　　6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

　　II． 例題

　　例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.

　　A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting

　　解析：該題答案為D。 Time permitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話…"

　　例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.

　　A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking

　　解析：該題答案為C。主語(yǔ)she是被問(wèn)。

　　初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)集匯

　�。ㄒ唬┲髦^一致

　　主謂一致是指一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致關(guān)系。一個(gè)句子中主謂一致，通常指三個(gè)基本原則：語(yǔ)法一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗鄰一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與鄰近的名詞一致。

　　一、 語(yǔ)法一致原則

　　1、 在通常情況下，一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上保持一致。即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也為單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　This exercise on English idioms is not easy.這個(gè)英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練不容易。

　　2、 在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)中， “be”的單復(fù)數(shù)取決與后面主語(yǔ)的數(shù).如：

　　There has been little change in this city.這個(gè)城市沒(méi)有多少變化。

　　3、“one of”結(jié)構(gòu)，位于用單數(shù)，“two of”結(jié)構(gòu)位于用復(fù)數(shù)

　　One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。

　　Two of the boys have lost their way home.有兩個(gè)男孩回家迷路了。

　　3、 倒裝句的主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之后，避免誤用。

　　Never before has she been to Paris!她以前從未去過(guò)巴黎。

　　二、 概念一致

　　1、 主語(yǔ)是抽象概念、短語(yǔ)或從句，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如：

　　To tell lies is wrong.說(shuō)謊是不正確的。（不定式做主語(yǔ)）

　　Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家務(wù)是一件很勞累的事。（動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)）

　　How this happened is not clear to anyone.(從句做主語(yǔ))

　　注意：

　　（1） 用what或which引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句或簡(jiǎn)單句中的數(shù)的概念取決于后面的表語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谶壿嬌系囊饬x是相同的。如：

　　Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一個(gè)？

　　Which are your seats?你們的座位是哪些？

　�。�2） 單個(gè)的分詞作主語(yǔ)，不定式作主語(yǔ)，以及主語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)，若用連接上述的相同兩個(gè)成分，謂語(yǔ)才用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　2、 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語(yǔ)用and和both連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　3、 and連接的并列主語(yǔ)指同一人或同一樣?xùn)|西，and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若有，則用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

　　My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顧問(wèn)又改變他的想法了。

　　My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫蘇的同學(xué)在教室里。

　　a. 若and后面加not,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：

　　Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei贏了比賽，而不是我。

　　b. 用and 連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，前面有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

　　c. 復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)前加each,謂語(yǔ)仍用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　d. no后面名詞為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；后為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　三、 毗鄰一致

　　由not only…but also,neither…nor…,either…or…,or 連接的并列主語(yǔ)，在肯定句中謂語(yǔ)變化取決于后面的餓主語(yǔ)，在疑問(wèn)句中取決于前面的主語(yǔ)。如；

　　Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都沒(méi)錯(cuò)。

　　Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那兒去。

　�。ㄔ斠�(jiàn)高一下冊(cè)P155~P156）

　　（二） 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議，而不是事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)的，因此，掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的各種謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化，是掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣的關(guān)鍵。

　　一、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的用法

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于簡(jiǎn)單句中，一般表示祝愿、命令等。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用原形。

　　二、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主從復(fù)合句中的用法

　　（1） 在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法

　　1、 條件句中的用法

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句是用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)與現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況或?qū)�將�?lái)發(fā)生的情況表示懷疑，和直陳語(yǔ)氣條件句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式以及表達(dá)的含義完全不同。虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中所用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等，只表示不同的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，和直陳語(yǔ)氣的過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等毫無(wú)關(guān)系。

　　現(xiàn)將虛擬語(yǔ)氣的各種具體形式和用法分述如下；

　　a. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況

　　①形式

　　條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式

　　If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式一般用were） I (we) should

　　You (he,she , +動(dòng)詞原形或：

　　they,it ) would

　　所有人稱+might(could)+動(dòng)詞原形

　�、谟梅ǎ�

　　If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )

　　If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)

　　If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)

　　b. 表示與過(guò)去誓死相反的情況

　　①形式；

　　條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式

　　If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+過(guò)去分詞 I (we) should

　　You (he,she , +have+過(guò)去分詞或：

　　they,it ) would

　　所有人稱+could(might)+have+過(guò)去分詞

　�、谟梅ǎ�

　　I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)

　　You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )

　　c. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情況

　�、傩问剑�

　　條件從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式

　　a. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式一般用were）通常要與一個(gè)表將來(lái)的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用

　　b. If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should

　　+動(dòng)詞原形

　　c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+動(dòng)詞原形 I (we) should

　　You would +動(dòng)詞原形或：

　　he(she,it ) would

　　they would

　　I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+動(dòng)詞原形

　�、谟梅ǎ�

　　If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)

　　If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)

　　If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)

　　If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形，表示 下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)

　　c. 混合時(shí)間條件句的用法：

　　有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的 時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式，應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。

　　1） If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.（從句敘述過(guò)去，主句敘述現(xiàn)在。）

　�。╢act: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.）

　　2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在，從句敘述過(guò)去)

　�。╢act: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.）

　　2、 在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法

　　主要用于由as if (as though) 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be 變were ）或had +過(guò)去分詞。”

　　如：

　　She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病，在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)

　　Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的 英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)

　�。�2）、在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法：

　　通常由形式主語(yǔ)it引出的主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)。主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”；表示“必要”“重要”“奇怪”等意思。

　　It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必須清掃車間。

　　It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在工作中，征求別人的意見(jiàn)是很重要的。

　　2010年中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題：介詞一.介詞at/ in /on .

　　1.表示時(shí)間：

　　1).表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)，某一時(shí)刻/ 年齡

　　at six o’clock at noon at that time

　　at the moment at the age of at night

　　2)in表示時(shí)間段,一天的三個(gè)時(shí)間段以及月份,年,季節(jié),世紀(jì),人生的某個(gè)時(shí)期(某人幾十歲時(shí))

　　in the morning/afternoon /evening

　　in spring /in 2007/in March

　　in the twenty-first century

　　in his fifties

　　3)on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個(gè)時(shí)間段名詞前有修飾語(yǔ)或后有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí).

　　On Monday on New Year’s Day

　　on Sunday morning on a rainy night

　　on the evening of April 1st ,2007

　　2表地點(diǎn):

　　1)at 一般指較小的地點(diǎn)或較具體的位置

　　at the station at the cinema

　　2)in 表示在較大的地點(diǎn)或一個(gè)有限空間里.

　　in China in the classroom

　　3)on 指在某物體的表面上.

　　on the desk

　　注意:

　　寫(xiě)街道時(shí),若有門(mén)牌號(hào)用at ,否則用on / in 都可.

　　He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.

　　二.介詞in /on / to 表方位:

　　1.in表示A地在B地范圍之內(nèi).(包含關(guān)系)

　　Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .

　　2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切關(guān)系)

　　Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .

　　3.to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.(外離關(guān)系)

　　Japan is _____ the east of China .

　　三. between / among 在……之間

　　1.between :指兩者之間. 在…….之間.

　　2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之間. 在……之中.

　　You sit _____ him and me .

　　The song is popular ______ the students.

　　四.after / in 在……之后

　　1. after

　　1)after + 時(shí)間段. 表示以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為起點(diǎn)的一段時(shí)間之后, 用于過(guò)去時(shí).

　　2)after 作介詞. after doing sth

　　2.in +一段時(shí)間. 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的將來(lái)一段時(shí)間之后.用于將來(lái)時(shí).

　　He came back ______ two days .

　　He will go home___finishing his homework .

　　He will come back _____ two days .

　　五.with / in / by 表示 “用……”

　　1.with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.

　　He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .

　　注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”

　　He came in _____ a big smile on his face .

　　2.in表示用某種語(yǔ)言,方式,途徑. 或書(shū)寫(xiě)/繪畫(huà)所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.

　　Can you say it _____English ?

　　He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .

　　3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法

　　I study for a test _____ working with a group .

　　He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .

　　注意: 同義詞組

　　1).by phone = on the phone

　　2).by car = in a car

　　3).in pen = with a pen = with pens

　　六.across / through / over / by 經(jīng)過(guò)

　　1.across 指橫穿,穿過(guò). 表示動(dòng)作從某一物體表面上經(jīng)過(guò).

　　2.through 指穿過(guò),透過(guò),表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過(guò).

　　3.over 表示從某人或某物的上空經(jīng)過(guò)或越過(guò),不與表面接觸.

　　4.by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過(guò).

　　Can you swim ______ the river ?

　　the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .

　　I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.

　　I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .

　　七.in front of / in the front of

　　1.in the front of 表示在…….內(nèi)部的前面

　　2.in front of 表示在……外面的前面

　　There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .

　　There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.

　　八.其它介詞的用法：

　　1.at的其它用法.

　　1).表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.

　　She is at work now = She is working now .

　　2)at表示 “價(jià)格或速度”

　　The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .

　　2.in的其它用法:

　　1)in表示 “在……方面”

　　詞組:do well in = be good at

　　be weak in

　　2)in 表示 “穿著”后接表顏色的詞或衣服.

　　詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服

　　3)in作副詞, “在家” = at home

　　3.like 的用法:

　　1).像/和……一樣. 常與系動(dòng)詞連用.

　　詞組: look like sound like

　　2).與what 連用, “是什么樣子, 怎樣”.

　　What is he like ? He is kind .

　　4.off的用法:

　　1).從……下來(lái), 脫離某物體.

　　詞組: fall off

　　2). “休假”通常放在時(shí)間名詞之后.

　　詞組: have +時(shí)間+ off

　　He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .

　　5.except / besides

　　1).except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在范圍之內(nèi).

　　注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什么也沒(méi)有.

　　2).besdies除了……之外,還有…… . 包括在范圍之內(nèi).

　　We all went swimming ______ Lucy .

　　There is _______ a letter in the box .

　　We study Japanese and French____ English .

　　6.with / without

　　1).with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒(méi)有

　　詞組: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to

　　without one’s help

　　2).without 的用法:

　　A).without + sb./ sth. 沒(méi)有某人或某物

　　B).without + doing sth .

　　He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us

　　C). without sth 常與if 引導(dǎo)的否定的條件句.

　　If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .

　　7.on the tree /in the tree

　　on the tree 表示 “樹(shù)上本身長(zhǎng)的東西” 在樹(shù)上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進(jìn)入樹(shù)中” 人或物在樹(shù)上.

　　There are some apples _____ the tree .

　　There is a boy ____ the tree.

　　8.since / for

　　注: since / for 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

　　1).since :

　　a).since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)

　　b). 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+ since +一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　c).since +一段時(shí)間+ ago.

　　2)for: for +一段時(shí)間= since +一段時(shí)間+ ago

　　9.be made +介詞的區(qū)別:

　　be made of 由…制成 (看得見(jiàn)原材料)

　　be made from由…制成 (看不見(jiàn)原材料)

　　be made in +地點(diǎn) 由哪兒生產(chǎn)

　　be made by sb. 由某人制造

　　10.表示 “數(shù)量的介詞”

　　about , round around over

　　1). about , round around表示 “大約……”

　　2).over 表示 “超過(guò)”= more than.

　　11.inside / outside

　　Inside 在……里面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面

　　12.in the wall /on the wall

　　in the wall 表示“門(mén)窗在墻上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在墻上”

　　九.不用介詞的情況:

　　1).當(dāng)時(shí)間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時(shí),不用介詞.

　　What are you going to do tonight ?

　　2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).

　　He went to Wuhan last week .

　　3).以all 開(kāi)頭的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前面不用介詞.

　　He has worked all day .

　　4).以some ,any, one 等構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前不用介詞.