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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn),也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法分類(lèi),有不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在某些方面所具有的相同的語(yǔ)法功能作一番比較,尤其是從它們的內(nèi)涵上進(jìn)行區(qū)分是很有必要的。這里從他們的成分不同進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解:
一、作主語(yǔ)
1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ),兩者所表達(dá)的意思是一樣的。例如:
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
不過(guò),使用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),通常暗示說(shuō)話(huà)者曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事,有過(guò)某種體會(huì),使用不定式時(shí),可能僅表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的看法。試比較:
Going to college was difficult for me.
上大學(xué)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是困難的。(說(shuō)話(huà)者曾考過(guò)大學(xué),固有此體會(huì))
To go to college is difficult.
上大學(xué)是困難的。(說(shuō)話(huà)者僅僅提出看法)
2.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)和不定式短語(yǔ)都可以it用作形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)和不定式短語(yǔ)放在后面,一般可以互換。例如:
It takes half an hour for me to go from here to my home.
It takes half an hour my going from here to my home.
一般來(lái)說(shuō),在此類(lèi)句子中用不定式作真正主語(yǔ)的比較多,而動(dòng)名詞作真正主語(yǔ)的請(qǐng)況,常見(jiàn)于no good,no use(或useless),worthwhile,a waste.dangerous....等詞作表語(yǔ)的句子中。例如:
It is no good your waiting here.
It is no use asking him about it.
It is worthwhile learning another language.
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
It's dangerous playing with fire.
3.動(dòng)名詞能在There is no....否定結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ)。例如:
There is no joking about such a serious matter.
There is no knowing whether he will agree to our plan.
在上述句型中,動(dòng)名詞不能帶邏輯主語(yǔ),也不能與不定式替換,如不能說(shuō):
There is no your joking with him.或There is no to joke with him.
4.在疑問(wèn)句中,句首總用動(dòng)名詞,而不用不定式。例如:
Does our saying that mean anything to him?
Is his saying true?
二、作表語(yǔ)
1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作表語(yǔ),正象它們作主語(yǔ)一樣,很難說(shuō)出它們之間嚴(yán)格的語(yǔ)義差別,可以互換。一般而言,在表示比較抽象的一般行為,多用動(dòng)名詞,在表示具體某動(dòng)作,特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用不定式。例如:
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
This is foe him to decide.
His wish is to be a doctor.
2.分詞也可作表語(yǔ),此時(shí)分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,因此分詞不能代之以動(dòng)名詞或不定式。例如:
The news was exciting.
The time is pressing.
動(dòng)名詞和不定式做表語(yǔ)時(shí),起名詞的作用。因此可以和主語(yǔ)換位,而分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),起形容詞的作用,不能和主語(yǔ)換位。例如:我們能將"Our duty is serving the people heart and soul."換為"Serving the people heart and soul is our duty."但是我們不能把"The time is pressing."換成"Pressing is the time."
3.主語(yǔ)如果是動(dòng)名詞,則表語(yǔ)也用動(dòng)名詞,主語(yǔ)如果是不定式,表語(yǔ)也用不定式,不能交叉。(僅指同時(shí)使用動(dòng)名詞或不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的情況)。例如:
Seeing is beliving.或To see is to belive
而不能說(shuō)Seeing is to belive. 或To see is beliving.
4.分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞,都能作表語(yǔ),但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征(A),過(guò)去分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)(B)。例如:
(A)The news is very surprising.
The situation is encouraging.
The food smells inviting.
(B)My brother is quit interested in maths.
She looked disappointed.
5.動(dòng)詞“be+過(guò)去分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可能是be+ 表語(yǔ),有時(shí)可能是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩者的主要區(qū)別是:帶表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的特征或所處的狀態(tài),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)僅表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。例如:
The library is niw closed.
The library is usually closed at six.
The house is surrounded with trees.
The enemy was soon surranded by us.
6.動(dòng)詞 “be+現(xiàn)在分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)可能是be+表語(yǔ),有時(shí)可能是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別是:帶表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的特征或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容(A),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體結(jié)構(gòu)僅說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(B)。例如:
(A)His hobby is collecting stamps.
The earth is spinning round all the time.
(B)He is collecting stamps.
I was doing morning exercises at 7:00 this morning.
7.值得注意的是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做表語(yǔ)時(shí)通常帶to ,但在主語(yǔ)部分具有一個(gè)動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式也可省略to。這個(gè)do可以是限定動(dòng)詞形式,也可以是非限定動(dòng)詞形式,而且不論什么時(shí)體形式都可以。例如:
All I did was empty the bottle.
All you do is talk about cars.
All she seems to do is gossip with the neighbours.
The only thing I can do now is go on by himself.
What I really wanted to do was drive all night.
(但what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中,如果do是進(jìn)行體形式,則表語(yǔ)必須用動(dòng)名詞。例如:
What he's dong is spoiling the whole thing.)
三、作賓語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可以在一些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ),但有兩種情況:
(一)在某些動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式,如:wish,decide,hope,refuse,want,agree,care,choose等,或只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),如:finish,enjoy,mind,suggest,practise,keep,avoid等,還有些動(dòng)詞詞組,如:keep on,go on,cannot help 等。
(二)在有些動(dòng)詞,如:begin,start,continue,attempt,intend,plan,need,want,
require,desire,cannot help,leave off,hate,try,like,love,prefer,propose,mean,
remember,forget,stop,go on等后面既可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)(個(gè)別例外),也可以用動(dòng)名詞,視具體情況比較如下:
1.一般說(shuō)來(lái)begin,start,continue后面跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式?jīng)]有什么區(qū)別。但是know,
understand,see,realize, recognize等表示知覺(jué)的詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),只能用不定式。例如:
He began to understand the importance of combining theory with practice.
He began to realize his mistakes.
2.love,like,hate,prefer后面跟動(dòng)名詞多表示習(xí)慣和經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作,跟不定式多表示一次具體的動(dòng)作。
例如:
I like swimming.
He prefers to walk rather than ride in a bus.
3.在下列情況下要用不定式。
(A)在would like (love,hate,prefer)后表示一個(gè)特定的新動(dòng)作,或Would you like...?的句型時(shí)。例如:
I'd hate to work with him.
Would you like to go with me?
(B)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞已用于進(jìn)行體時(shí)。例如:
It's beginning to rain.
I'm starting to work on my essay .
We are proposing to start at eight.
4.在remember,forget,regre后面跟動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同。跟動(dòng)名詞時(shí),說(shuō)明動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,跟不定式時(shí),指不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。例如:
I remember posting the letter.
Don't forget to remind him of this afternoon's meeting.
I'll remember to bring it back.
I regret to say that he can't come to help you.
I regretted saying this.
5.在need,want之后,用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,或用不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài),意義并無(wú)差別,但用動(dòng)名詞較為普遍。例如:
The radio needs repairing.或The radio needs to be repaired.
The shoes want mending. 或The shoes want to be mended.
He needs to look after.(=He needs to be looked after.)
*rewuire,deserve也能這樣用,但不及 need,want普遍。例如:
His letter requires answering to be answered immediately.
The little boy deserves rewarding to be rewarded.
6.在attempt,intend,plan等動(dòng)詞后用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)比用動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)多見(jiàn)。例如:
Don't attempt to do (doing) it by yourself.
She didn't intend to pay (paying) the bill this month.
Mr Smith planned to take (taking) a holiday abroad.
7.在try,cannot help,propose,mean,stop,leave off,go on后用動(dòng)名詞還是不定式取決于它們本身的含義和用法。試比較如下:
(1)He tried to write better.
He tried writing with a brush.
(2)I couldn't help finishing it.
I couldn't help to finish it.
(3)I propose to leave for Shanghai at the beginning of next month.
He proposed putting off the discussion.
(4)I mean to get there before sunset.
We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class.
(5)They stopped talking.
They stopped to talk.
(6)They left off finishing.
They left off to fish.
(7)He went on explaining the text.
He went on to tell a story about Einstein.
四、用it作形式賓語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞(或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))和不定式(或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))在某些動(dòng)詞,如:find,consider,think,
count,know,believe,judge,imagine,feel,guess,prove,make,realize,see,understand,take,suppose 后作賓語(yǔ)尚需要一個(gè)形容詞(或名詞)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),意思才能完整,此時(shí)要用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而動(dòng)名詞(或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))或不定式(或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))則在它的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面出現(xiàn)。
1.一般說(shuō)來(lái),使用動(dòng)名詞和不定式,其意義一樣,但在表示抽象的一般行為時(shí),多用動(dòng)名詞。而表示某一次行為,特別是將來(lái)的行為時(shí),多用不定式。例如:
He found it necessary (for him) to work hard at English.
We consider it wrong knowing him.
*不過(guò)使用動(dòng)名詞遠(yuǎn)不及不定式普遍。
2.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)是no good,no use,no help,useless,dangerous,no sense,senseless,
waste等時(shí),真正的賓語(yǔ)多為動(dòng)名詞。例如:
I think it no good talking again about it.
I find it a waste of time watching TV all night.
3.動(dòng)名詞比較短的時(shí)候,能有兩種形式。即可用it作它的形式賓語(yǔ),也可直接用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),但不定式只能用it作它的形式賓語(yǔ)。例如:
We consider meeting her foolish.
*如果改成不定式結(jié)構(gòu),就只能用后一種形式。
We cosider it foolish to meet her.
只是在think或 see與形容詞 fit組成的固定詞組 think fit,see fit中,兩者不能分開(kāi),不定式做賓語(yǔ)時(shí),才不使用引導(dǎo)詞it。例如:
The government thought fit to raise the prices of some foods.
We must wait until he sees fit to join us.
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